初中英语语法梳理和提高
动 词
动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)或状态(be,
like, feel 等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
动词分类:动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一)助动词 助动词没有任何含义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下:
1、助动词be的用法如下1)构成各种进行时态。如:It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2)构成被动语态。如:The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下:1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:Does he think so?I didn’t say anything about the result. 2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如:
They do study hard. She does love him. He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如:Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:
1)表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如:She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如:She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:-Could you lend me your pen?-Yes, I can.
表示许可 表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较
婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book? -Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要must和have to都有“必须” ,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish
the work..但他们有如下区别:
1)must 表示说话人的主观看法;have to 表示客观需要。如:
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;don’t have to 意为“不必”。如:
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注:表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:
must 表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下:
1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might 比 may
的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如:
The package might come tomorrow. They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can
(could) …+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can
(could) …have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如:It can’t
be John. He has gone to
4、need的双重身份 need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。
三)系动词 连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有:be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等,如:Jim appears very old.
2、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如:It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如:
She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:He only worried about his daughter.
二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1.一般现在时
1)一般现在时态的构成:主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时,作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况 |
+s |
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 |
+es |
以辅音+y结尾 |
去y变i+es |
2)一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. |
I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. |
Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student?
Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? |
3)一般现在时态的用法:
现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作 。例如:
I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如:My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如:The earth goes around the sun.
4)常用于一般现在时态的时间状语:often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。 例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
2.______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
3.The 70-year-old man ____ exercises in the morning.A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
2. 现在进行时
1)现在进行时的构成:Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成:
一般情况 |
+ing |
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing |
+ing |
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 |
去e+ing |
以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时. |
双写词尾字母+ing |
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am driving. He/She/It is working. We/You/They are doing something.
|
I am not driving. He/She/It is not working. We/You/They are not doing anything.
|
Are you driving? Is he/she/it working? Are you/they doing something?
|
3)现在进行时的用法:
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作(动作是在说话时正在进行)。例如:
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作(但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行)。例如:
You are working hard today. Kate
wants to work in
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时, 表示某种强烈的感情。如:
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏,表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作(仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词)。如:
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语: now often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
1.I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies. A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told
2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on
3.--- Are these socks yours? --- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung
3.一般将来时
1)一般将来时的构成: 1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形 2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2)一般将来时的用法: 1.将要发生的动作。例如: I will leave for
2.将要存在的状态。例如:This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3.打算要做的事。 例如: Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语:tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. I______ for
A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
3.We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold
4.一般过去时1)一般过去时的构成:
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况 |
+ed |
以e字母结尾的辅音 |
+d |
以辅音字母+y结尾 |
去y变i+ed |
重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾字母+ed |
2)一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. |
I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. |
Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? |
3)一般过去时的用法:过去发生的动作。例如: The police stopped me on my way home last night.过去存在的状态。例如:They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday,three months ago,last year,in 1979,often,always等。
1.Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
解析:时分钟前发生的动作, 应该用一般过去时。 应选 A,
3.He promised to tell me by himself when I ____. A. come B. would come C. come D. had come
5.现在完成时
1) 现在完成时的构成:have / has + v-ing
2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例):
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film.
|
I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. |
Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
|
在完成时的用法:
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如: She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注:在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词,应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如: He has died for 3 years.(F) He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意:①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如:in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”(去了又回来了)have/has gone to 表示“去过”(去了没回来了)[来如:Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?--- Ever since last night.
A. has, got B. have , had C. has, caught D. did, have
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank
6、过去进行时
1)过去进行时的构成: was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法: 过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如:
This time last year I was
living in
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语:at four yesterday afternoon,then,at that time/moment 等。
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going
7、过去完成时态
1)过去完成时态的构成: 肯定式:had + 动词的过去分词
否定式:hadn’t + 动词的过去分词 疑问式:Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had. No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法:
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如:
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. He ______ in
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, wentC. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
3. Xiao Pei said she ____
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to